The House of Bourbon and Сonstitutional Revolutions in Southern Europe

The article examines the transfer of ideas and practices constitutionalism from Spain to Kingdom Two Sicilies in 1812–1820. On basis dispatches Russian envoy Naples Gustav Stackelberg, author analyses features revolutionary events summer — autumn 1820. immediate objects Count Stackelberg’s observation were situation Bourbon monarchy new constitutional government; their relations with Carbonari society; within diplomatic corps among representatives great powers. also texts acts that formed main milestones development Southern Europe: Bayonne Statute 1808, Cadiz Constitution 1812, Sicilian French Charter 1814, “constitution Murat” 1815. An attempt is made compare revolutions Italy 1820–1823: contradictions domestic politics, struggle Liberal Party opposition, support for army, parliamentary activity, fight against separatist movements, complications foreign policy opposition Holy Alliance, role Kings Ferdinand VII I practice. This approach corresponds modern trends history Restoration era, which concept “liberal international” tested sources. G. Stackelberg did not just observe Neapolitan Revolution; he noted obvious parallels Spanish Revolution reported on any attempts covert contacts revolutionaries all over Europe. His political ideal was application wanted see order avoid worst consequences intervention Austrian Empire. concludes borrowing constitution by Neapolitans took place prepared framework, becoming a logical stage countries close each other only spirit, but being long time orbit Napoleonic despotic influence. shows modernized pattern era about “pan-European conspiracy” created its more moderate version based his observations revolution Naples.